Shearing Definition — Sheep Shearing

Sheep shearing, typically just called shearing, is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is removed, and the person who removes the sheep's wool is called a shearer. Typically shearing occurs once per year per sheep, and the annual shearing most often occurs in a shearing shed, a facility especially designed to process often hundreds and sometimes over 3,000 sheep per day.

Sheep shearing, typically just called shearing, is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is removed. The person who removes the sheep's wool is called a shearer. Typically shearing occurs once per year per sheep. The annual shearing most often occurs in a shearing shed, a facility especially designed to process often hundreds and sometimes over 3,000 sheep per day. Sheep shearing is an essential part of sheep rearing in many countries around the world. Australia and New Zealand had had to discard the old methods of wool harvesting and evolve better systems to cope with the huge amounts of sheep involved. By 1915 most large sheds in Australia had installed machines, driven by steam or later by internal combustion engines. Shearing tables were invented in the 1950's, but have not proved popular, although some are still used for crutching.

Modern shearing

Today, large flocks of sheep are shorn by professional shearing teams working eight hour days, most often in spring, by machine shearing. These contractor teams will consist of shearers, shed hands and a cook (in the more isolated areas). The shed staff working hours and wages are regulated by industry awards. A working day starts at 7.30 am and the day is divided into 4 runs of 2 hours each. 'smoko breaks of a half hour each are at 9.30am and again at 3pm. The lunch break is taken at 12 midday for one hour. Most shearers are paid on a piece rate, i.e., per sheep. Shearers who tally more than 200 sheep per day are known as gun shearers. Typical mass shearing of sheep today follows a well-defined workflow: remove the wool, skirt the fleece, class the fleece, place it in the appropriate wool bin, press and store the wool until it is transported. In 1984 Australia became the last country in the world to permit the use of wide combs, due to previous Australian Workers Union rules.

Removing the wool

A sheep is caught by the shearer from the catching pen and taken to his 'stand on the shearing board. It is then shorn using mechanical hand piece (see Shearing devices below). The wool is removed by following an efficient set of movements, devised by Godfrey Bowen in c. 1950, (the Bowen Technique or the Tally-Hi method. In 1963 the Tally-hi shearing system was developed by the Australian Wool Corporation and promoted using synchronized shearing demonstrations. Sheep struggle less using the Tally-Hi method, reducing strain on the shearer and there is a saving of about 30 seconds shearing each sheep. The shearer begins by removing the sheep's belly wool, which is separated from the main fleece by a rouseabout, while the sheep is still being shorn. A professional or "gun" shearer typically removes a fleece without badly marking or cutting the sheep in two to three minutes, depending on the size and condition of the sheep, or less than two in elite competitive shearing. The shorn sheep is moved from the board via a chute in the floor, or wall, to a counting out pen, efficiently removing it from the shed.

The CSIRO in Australia has developed a non-mechanical method of shearing sheep using an injected protein that creates a natural break in the wool fibers. After fitting a retaining net to enclose the wool, sheep are injected with the protein. When the net is removed after a week, the fleece has separated and is removed by hand

Skirting the fleece

Once the entire fleece has been removed from the sheep, the fleece is thrown, clean side down, on to a wool table by a shed hand (commonly known in New Zealand and Australian sheds as a Rouseabout or roustie). The wool table top consists of slats spaced approximately 12cm apart. This enables short pieces of wool, the locks and other debris, to gather beneath the table separately from the fleece. The fleece is then skirted by one or more wool rollers to remove the sweat fribs and other less desirable parts of the fleece. The removed pieces largely consist of shorter, seeded, burry or dusty wool etc. which is still useful in the industry. As such they are placed in separate containers and sold along with fleece wool. Other items removed from the fleece on the table, such as faeces, skin fragments or twigs and leaves, are discarded a short distance from the wool table so as not to contaminate the wool and fleece.

Wool classification

Following the skirting of the fleece, it is examined for its quality in a process known as wool classing, which is performed by a registered and qualified wool classer. Based on its type, the fleece is placed into the relevant wool bin ready to be pressed (mechanically compressed) when there is sufficient wool to make a wool bale.

Shearing Devices

Blade shears

Blade shears consist of two blades arranged similarly to scissors except that the hinge is at the end farthest from the point (not in the middle). The cutting edges pass each other as the shearer squeezes them together and shear the wool close to the animal's skin. Blade shears are still used today but in a more limited way. Blade shears leave some wool on a sheep and this is more suitable for cold climates where the sheep needs some protection from the elements. For those areas where no powered-machinery is available blade shears are the only option. Blades are more commonly used to shear stud rams.

Shearing should not be confused with Sheer. Two totally different issues. Both of which are relevant to fashion.

Machine shears

Machine shears, known as handpieces, operate in a similar manner to human hair-clippers in that a power-driven toothed blade, known as a cutter, is driven back and forth over the surface of a comb and the wool is cut from the animal. The original machine shears were powered by a fixed hand-crank linked to the handpiece by a shaft with only two universal joints, which afforded a very limited range of motion. Later models have more joints to allow easier positioning of the handpiece on the animal. Electric motors on each stand have generally replaced overhead gear for driving the handpieces. The jointed arm is replaced in many instances with a flexible shaft. Smaller motors allowed the production of shears in which the motor is in the handpiece; these are generally not used by professional shearers as the weight and heat of the motor becomes bothersome with long use.

Shearing in Australasian culture

A culture has evolved out of the practice of sheep shearing, especially in post-colonial Australia and New Zealand. Shearing the Rams, a painting by Australian impressionist painter Tom Roberts is considered to be iconic of the livestock-growing culture or "life on the land" in Australia.

For an inversion, Michael Leunig's Ramming the Shears can be seen as a sign of the shifts in Australian culture, and the extent to which the dominant rural culture is being eroded by an increasingly urban population.

The expression that Australia's wealth rode on the sheep's back in parts of the twentieth century no longer has the currency it once had.

Many stations across Australia no longer carry sheep due to lower wool prices, drought and other disasters, but their shearing sheds remain, in a wide variety of materials and styles, and have been the subject of books and documentation for heritage authorities. Some farmers are reluctant to remove either the equipment or the sheds, and many unused sheds remain intact.

Contests

Sheep shearing and shed-handing competitions are held regularly in parts of the world, particularly Ireland, the UK, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. As sheep shearing is an arduous task, speed shearers, for all types of equipment and sheep, are usually very fit and well trained. In Wales a sheep shearing contest is one of the events of the Royal Welsh Show, the country's premier agricultural show held near Builth Wells.

The Shearer's Work on the Board

Shearing begins with the animal. A sheep is caught by the shearer from the catching pen and taken to his stand on the shearing board, where it is shorn using a mechanical handpiece. The shearer begins by removing the belly wool, which is separated from the main fleece by a rouseabout while the sheep is still being shorn, and then works through an efficient set of movements so the fleece comes off in essentially one piece. A professional or gun shearer typically removes a fleece without badly marking or cutting the sheep in two to three minutes, depending on the size and condition of the sheep, and in less than two minutes in elite competitive shearing. The shorn sheep then leaves the board via a chute in the floor or wall to a counting-out pen, clearing the stand for the next animal.

The pace is organized as team work. Large flocks are shorn by professional contractor teams of shearers, shed hands and, in more isolated areas, a cook, working eight-hour days divided into four runs of two hours each, starting at 7.30 am with smoko breaks and a lunch break at midday. Most shearers are paid on a piece rate, per sheep, and shearers who tally more than 200 sheep per day are known as gun shearers. Skill at that pace is physical as much as technical: controlling a large animal calmly, keeping the handpiece close without cutting skin, and repeating the pattern hundreds of times without slowing the board.

Tools, Fleece Handling and the Animal

Two families of tools do the cutting. Blade shears consist of two blades arranged similarly to scissors except that the hinge is at the end farthest from the point, and the edges pass each other as the shearer squeezes them together; they leave some wool on the sheep, which suits cold climates, and they remain the option where no powered machinery is available. Machine shears, known as handpieces, work like human hair clippers, with a power-driven toothed cutter driven back and forth over a comb, and electric motors have generally replaced overhead gear for driving them. The animal's interest runs through both methods: shearing once a year removes a heavy fleece before warm weather, and a clean, unhurried technique protects the sheep from cuts and stress.

Removal is only the first stage, which continues with skirting, classing, binning, and pressing and storing the wool until transport. Shearing is therefore a complete harvest process centered on the shearer and the sheep: catch, control, remove the fleece whole, release the animal, and pass the wool onward. Competitions in Ireland, the UK, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia test that combination of speed, cleanliness and animal handling.

Common Questions

What is sheep shearing?

Sheep shearing is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is removed. It typically occurs once per year per sheep, most often in spring, and is an essential part of sheep rearing in many countries around the world.

What is the Bowen Technique in shearing?

The Bowen Technique, or Tally-Hi method, devised by Godfrey Bowen in about 1950, is an efficient set of movements for removing the wool. Sheep struggle less using the method, reducing strain on the shearer and saving about 30 seconds shearing each sheep.

What happens to the fleece after it is removed?

The fleece is thrown clean side down onto a wool table, skirted to remove less desirable parts, then classed for quality by a registered wool classer and placed in the appropriate wool bin, ready to be pressed into a wool bale.

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Shearing (Sheep Shearing)